What Is Natural Law - 1353 Words

1. What Is Natural Law? Natural Law is the body of moral normal and other practical principles, which provide reasons for action and restraint and are regarded as a basis for all human conduct (Draper, 2010). Natural Law was originated in the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks, particularly Aristotle, and was developed further by Thomas Aquinas. It is the most stable and long lasting of ethical theories and is an accepted theory of moral action and moral life (Brooks, 2015). This universal theory follows the notion that nature decides what is right and wrong, and that God made nature but it works on its own. A Just law is derived from Natural Law. The precepts of Natural Law direct people to choose and act for intelligible ends and purposes (Rammer) and describe the purpose of human life. Aquinas called these precepts the first principles of practical reason, and they refer to the range of ‘basic’ human goods for the sake of which people can intelligibly act (Draper, 2010). The first precept, as said by Aquinas, is â€Å"good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided.† By this he means that to pursue good, we must use reason to work out what is the best way to act (Brooks). All other precepts of Natural Law are based upon this. Precepts are to be followed using what is knows as the ‘basic goods’. Marcus Cicero proposed natural goods, and in contemporary Natural Law theory they are called ‘basic goods’ (Brooks, 2015). They are extremely important in Natural Law asShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Conceptual Frameworks Of Both Philosophical Positions, And Weak, Theses Of Natural Law2178 Words   |  9 Pageshas made a niche for itself in defining itself in opposition to a somewhat straight-laced reading of natural law theory. Often the comparison is based solely on an exceedingly strong and doctrinal interpretation of the two competing models. In this paper I will examine and distinguish the conceptual frameworks of both philosophical positions, detailing the â€Å"strong† and â€Å"weak† theses of natural law ; while in turn also examining the implications of â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† legal positivism. The finer distinctionsRead MoreWhat Is the Conscience? How Does â€Å"Natural Law† Work to Inform Our Conscience?986 Words   |  4 Pagesanything about how what is conscience and how natural law work to inform our conscience, I will first give a little emphasis on what conscience is. According to Mueller in Theological Foundation on p.222, define conscience as something that involves several aspects of human reaction. He further explains that Conscience is a huge part of the human character that makes him or her to know and do good. He also explained further that Conscience is also a way to for us human being to determine what is good andRead Moreâ€Å"What Are the Major Strengths and Weakness of Dworkin’s Theory of Law as Compared to a Positivist or Natural Law Perspective?† Discuss.1988 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"What are the major strengths and weakness of Dworkin’s theory of law as compared to a positivist or natural law perspective?† Discuss. Arguably one of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, Ronald Dworkin’s dealings with law’s interpretation and integrity has lead to inevitable contradictions with that of positivist ideology, with his work essentially revitalising a method of thinking that had long been considered dead and buried. Perhaps most notoriously, Dworkin combatedRead MoreThe Law And Civil Law1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe concepts of law and justice are interdependent and deeply intertwined. The relationship between these concepts is able to be perceived through analysis of each independently and then comparatively. One of the primary questions concerning law and justice pertains to the balance and importance of natural law compared to civil law. Problems arise when defining what natural law and civil law are. The identification of natural or civil law as set boundaries provides its own queries. Along with theRead MoreEssay The Natural Law by Thomas Aquinas1670 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesguides people, culture, and even whole countries to act in certain ways. Thomas Aquinas called this innate sense the natural law. The natural law is established by God in order to make men more virtuous. When examined closely it is found that the natural law contains the precept of all law and, is at odds with certain laws that exist today, specifically abortion. The â€Å"natural law is appointed by reason† (Aquinas IV, 94, 1) and given to everyone. This is very contrary to popular belief that rightRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Natural Law1203 Words   |  5 Pagesopens what many hold to be his magnum opus with an apologetic. In Romans 1, Paul defends the omnipotence of God and His justice by claiming that all men, including those who would willingly reject God, know Him. Paul goes on to say that there is a natural order of things in this world. He speaks of the natural relations of mankind in such a way that moves beyond simply stating that these relations are the norm to say that they are the standard or rule against which actions can be judged. What PaulRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Law876 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Paul makes use of the concept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Romans, the messages are written in such a way that they depict the idea of natural law, which can be attributed to God’s creation. This situation implies that natural law is directly linked to the laws that dictate the relationship between God and human beings as He created the world. These further shows that the laws are referred to as being natural becauseRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas: the Human Law and Natural Law Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Law and Natural Law Debate Heather Saunders 250583261 Thomistic Philosophy 2214 Dr. Fox March 21, 2012 The Human Law and Natural Law Debate Are we naturally moral creatures? Do we always act towards the common good of others? I am positive that we do not, and in fact, as much as society wants to, we go against our morals and lead with our ‘feelings’. These feelings may feel right, but it doesn’t mean they will lead you in the right path to fulfil your ultimate end, true happiness. HitlerRead MoreThe Distinction Between Natural Law And Legal Positivism Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesdeliberate, scrutinize and define the distinction between natural law and legal positivism. I will make distinctions regarding advantages and disadvantages of the definitions of the theories of natural law and legal positivism. By focussing on slavery as an example I will be looking at various theorists and their theories thereby attempting to make sense and find clarity in this regard. Furthermore to understand the aspects of natural law and legal positivism, one has to understand the theories ofRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 Pageswe steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and has a purpose to live a good life. If someone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life, then their actions are considered unnatural. So the natural law is to act in such a way to live a good life

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organic Farming in the...

PLAN Title: What are the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community? C: Organic Farming L: Pacific Community/Benefits D: What INTRODUCTION Context: Agriculture/Environment Subject: Organic Farming Limited Subject: Pacific Community/Benefits Issue: What are the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community? Thesis Statement: This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community in terms of growers benefit, consumers benefit and environmental benefits. Main Idea 1- Disadvantages a) Time Consuming Example: It is basically labour intensive thus it takes more time than capital intensive. : It takes more time for green manure and compost†¦show more content†¦And also preparing the composts and green manure fertilizers is very time consuming as decaying process needs favourable/weather conditions and time thus this delays the harvesting time of the crops. Also since it is characteristically labour intensive then chemical and mechanical agriculture, a farmer may not be able to produce as much yield as he would have produced if mechanical agriculture was used. Nonetheless another disadvantage of organic farming in the Pacific is that costs of organically producing is very high because lots of labours has to be hired since weeding and pest control require more human eyes and hands to manage. Also there are relatively high costs associated with attaining and/maintaining organic certification. Since the farmers in the pacific have just recently been introduced to organic farming, they do not possess the relevant farming skills thus they will not be able to secure the desired yield. Hence despite investing/huge sum of money on labour, in short run it is not beneficial as labours do not have the skill to effectively get the considered necessary yield. In addition, due to people’s inexperience the farming techniques used are not well developed and widespread thus farmers have to improvise and use modern farming/methods with organic farming in order to do this type of farming. Production and cultivation methods are the twoShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesThis paper explores the history, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). All of the examples exhibited explore different aspects of GMOs found in recent research. From growing GMO crops to the health factors of eating GMO crops, this investigation illustrates vital information to form one’s own opinion on GMO use. Most farmers are in support of GMO crops because they are produced quickly and in large quantities. Some consumers are in support of GMO crops becauseRead MoreEssay on The Downside of Bottled Water1836 Words   |  8 Pageswhen they go to buy a bottle of water. This is a very disturbing fact in a few different perspectives. Bottled water can be carried in many different ways; it could either come by train, boat or truck. Each of these has their disadvantages and their advantages. The advantages would be to have a variety of different drinks in this case. For example, many of the bottles of water sold here in the United States do NOT get made here. We get many of our brands of water from places such as Fiji. AnotherRead MoreMarketing Plan for the Body Shop7278 Words   |  30 Pagesthe imperfection on the skin. The Body Shop’s Tea Tree Concealer, which launched in 2009, is this marketing plan’s character. Tea Tree Concealer is a handy portable stick to conceal blemishes which without over drying the skin. It also produce with organic tea tree oil. Tea tree oil’s ingredient renowned for its anti-bacterial benefits and an infusion perfect to help blemished skin. Based on the SWOT analysis of Tea Tree Concealer, it mentions that Tea Tree Concealer needs to be more popular andRead MoreNew Zealand And India Trade Agreement Essay3385 Words   |  14 Pages European Union, United States of America, China, South Korea and Japan. There is a lot of potential for trade between India and New Zealand. India is good in producing the agricultural products and the occupation of 60 % of Indian population is farming. New Zealand is a developed country and can get best quality agricultural products from India which they need at a low cost when compared to buying from other countries, mainly because of the cheap labour and high productivity. India and New ZealandRead MoreBusiness Strategy for Campbell Soup4427 Words   |  18 Pagesvegetable-based beverages. Campbell’s portfolio features many market-leading icon brands such as: in simple meals, Campbell’s soups globally and Liebig and Erasco soups in Europe; in baked snacks, Pepperidge Farm in North America and Arnott’s in Asia Pacific; and, in healthy beverages, V8. Headquartered in Camden, New Jersey, Campbell employs nearly 20,000 people in more than 20 countries. There products are sold in approximately 120 countries. Campbell is a Fortune 500 company listed and principallyRead MoreFalcata4712 Words   |  19 Pagestree for the humid tropics. One of the fastest growing of all tree species, it is used for pulp and other wood products, fuelwood, ornamental plantings and shade for coffee, tea and cattle. Potential uses for which it is being tested include alley farming and intercropping in forest plantations.      BOTANY:  Falcataria belongs to the Leguminosae (subfamily: Mimosoideae). It is most widely known by its former name,Albizia falcataria  but it also has been called  Ã‚   A. moluccana  and  A. falcata. FalcateRead MoreHow Starbucks Enter Into the Hong Kong Market5983 Words   |  24 Pages........................................................ 11 Entry to Hong Kong market – Joint Venture ............................................................................ 12 Advantages of the joint venture entry strategy ....................................................................... 12 Disadvantages of the joint venture entry strategy .................................................................. 13 Standardization vs. adaptation .............................................Read MoreStarbucks Analysis7510 Words   |  31 PagesSeattles Pike Place Market. Starbucks was named after the first mate in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick and is the worlds leading retailer, roaster and brand of specialty coffee with coffeehouses in North America, Europe, Middle East, Latin America and the Pacific Rim. In Canada, Starbucks is a major player within the specialty coffee market. The top speciality coffee retailers in Canada are: Second Cup, Timothys Coffee, Starbucks, Symposium Cafà ©, and Tim Hortons. Other direct competitors include: WilliamsRead MoreTourism Industry in Taiwan6152 Words   |  25 Pages 9. Social and Economic Impacts 23 10. Conclusion 24 1. Introduction Taiwan is the only East Asian island that is crossed by the Tropic of Cancer. Geographically, it is located at the point where the Asian continent meets the infinite Pacific Ocean, bringing it lots of unique natural landscapes as well as various kinds of plant and animal species, which brings Taiwan abundant opportunities to cultivate a prosperous tourism industry. Put in more detailed, Taiwan possesses many types ofRead MoreTransportation in Food Industry7769 Words   |  32 Pagesmovement of equipment and food supplies so that a nation can have access to food all year round. Transportation is vital to a nation’s economy. 1.1 Food Transportation No matter whether they are genetically modified, certified organic or grown using conventional farming methods, no matter if partially processed for use as food ingredients or canned, food commodities and products have a significant commonality: They require multiple steps in their transportation between point of origin and point

World Health Organization - 1440 Words

World Health Organization The World Health Organization is a global organization that works on health conditions throughout the world. The WHO works with countries all over the world to help fix health policies to improve health conditions and the quality of life. The World Health Organization is currently working on fixing and improving mental health policies throughout the world. The World Health Organization works on addressing health related issues throughout the world; an important issue they are working on now is mental health. The World Health Organization is the United Nation’s authority for health. It was established in 1948 to help improve health condition throughout the world. The WHO is made up of 8,000 people from 150†¦show more content†¦(Medical Schools and Nursing Colleges, 2010). One of the World Health Organization’s most recent areas of concern is addressing mental health. They are focusing on disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy and addictions. The WHO believes that mental and neurological disorders lead people to a great amount of suffering, dramatically increase their vulnerability, and lead individuals to a life of poverty. Many people are not aware and tend to discriminate against people with mental disorders. This discriminations leads to people having their human rights violated and them being stripped from opportunities that every other citizen has. If the proper steps are taken to help promote mental health, we will see a great improvement in the lives of people affected by mental illnesses by helping them to grow and be productive healthy members of society. In order for the World Health Organization to see these improvements they need to work with the governments of different countries to improve their laws and policies about mental illness. These policies need to help address proper treatment plans, prevention plans and awareness programs. One issue that the World Health Organization is working on fixing currently i s the use of marijuana in adolescence. The World Health Organization has found that use of marijuana in individuals who started using the drug before the age of 17 has led them toShow MoreRelatedWorld Health Organization : An Organization1336 Words   |  6 Pages World health organization is an organization established on 7 April 1948. It is an organization that deals with the global health and welfare. It operates in less economically develop country that needs critical aid condition. One of the pandemic illnesses that LEDC countries are facing is Aids. It becomes a threat to other countries because there is no significant symptoms found on the victims. Therefore WHO needs to find ways to spread awareness of the presence of aids in the community. The serviceRead MoreThe World Health Organization Response1080 Words   |  5 Pagesmay not be fatal to our health. 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LRBT, an NGO that focuses on eye care for those who live in PakistanRead MoreThe World Health Organization ( Valentine )1226 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO; 2015), estimated in the year 2013 China s population of 1,393,337,000 has experienced a different type of health outcomes. In where the nation China has been promoting an egalitarian society, while having achieved a greater health outcomes compared to the year 1949 communist revolution (Valentine, 2005). China has been successful in controlling many health indicators including the death rate of 6.9 per 1,000 in 2004 as one attributes due to BarefootRead MoreImpact Of Global Health On The World Health Organization2134 Words   |  9 PagesImpacting Global Health Global health has always been an issue. There are always disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and countries who do not have access to the resources they need. For years, people have been working to get urgent medical care to people who need it most, and also to educate them about basic health and hygiene. There have been many organizations and partnerships who have contributed to the advancement of global health, but the one that stands out the most is the World Health OrganizationRead MoreSustainable Development : The World Health Organization853 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus should be on not only health, but the environment to support the health needs of a global population. The World Health Organization identified that there are many challenges that the world is faced with in becoming sustainable. The World Health Organization not only looks at health concerns, but has plans to address environmental, sanitation, sustainable energy, safe work environments, climate change and environmental pollution (World Health Organization, 2015). The United States and NorwayRead MoreWorld Health Organization Website Critique963 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Health Organization Website Critique The World Health Organization, also known as WHO, is a global company that directs and puts into practice international health. There are offices in 150 countries around the world that all work for a common goal. Their main purposes are to promote health, prevent and control disease, and respond to crisis’. The fact that the WHO oversees such a large area, it is extremely important that their website is clear, informational, and accessible to everyone. Read MoreThe World Health Organization Essay examples594 Words   |  3 PagesThe World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations specialized agency for health, and was established on April 7, 1948. The WHOs objective, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. 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Included inRead MoreThe World Health Organization Of The United Nations1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the leading organization’s in the world, that devotes it’s time improving the health of individual’s all around the world. This public organization is an affiliate of the United Nations (UN) with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Likewise, it’s the coordinating and directing authority for health matters within the systems of the United Nations. The WHO is responsible for the provision of health matters across the globe, shaping the health research

Golf, outdoor game in which individual players use Essay Example For Students

Golf, outdoor game in which individual players use Essay specially designed clubs to propel a small, hard ball over a field of play known as a course or links. The object of the game is to advance the ball around the course using as few strokes as possible. The Golf Course A golf course is divided into 18 sections, called holes. The standard course is about 6500 to 7000 yd (about 5900 to 6400 m). The individual holes may vary in length from 100 to 600 yd (about 90 to 550 m). Each hole has at one end a starting point known as a tee and, imbedded in the ground at the other end and marked by a flag, a cup or cylindrical container (also called a hole) into which the ball must be propelled in order to complete play at each hole. The cup is usually made of metal or plastic, 4.2 in (10.8 cm) in diameter, and at least 4 in (10 cm) deep. Play begins at the first tee, a level area of turf, generally raised slightly above the surrounding terrain. From here each player tries to drive the ball onto the fairway, or main part of the golf course, a carefully tended strip of land, 30 to 100 yd (about 27 to 90 m) wide, on which the grass has been cut to provide a good playing surface for the ball. On either side of the fairway is the rough, which consists of areas covered with long grass, bushes, or trees, and which sometimes contains sandy, rough, or marshy areas that compel golfers to use additional skill and judgment in playing their shots. In the absence of such natural obstacles, artificial hazards may be constructed. These include bunkers, also known as traps, which are hollows dug in the earth and usually filled with loose sand; mounds and other earthen embankments; and water hazards, such as ditches, creeks, ponds, or lakes. At the far end of the fairway from the tee is the putting green, an area of closely cropped gr ass surrounding the hole or cup. The smooth surface of the putting green is designed to facilitate the progress of the ball into the cup after the ball has been given a tap or gentle stroke known as a putt. Golf Strokes and Golf Clubs In addition to the putt, the specialized stroke used on the green, two main types of shots are used in playing each hole: the drive, which is a long shot from the tee onto the fairway; and the approach shot, which is the shot used to hit the ball onto the green. Both types demand great accuracy. Shots of various lengths are played with different clubs, according to the distance to be covered and the lie (position) of the ball. A standard set of 14 golf clubs (the maximum that may be carried in tournament play), is divided into two main types: those known as woods, with heads made of wood or metal; and those known as irons, with heads made of forged steel, usually chromium plated. The shafts of both types usually are made of metal and sometimes of fiberglass. Formerly, each club was known by a distinctive name, but today most are designated by numbers. The woods are customarily numbered 1 through 5, the irons 1 through 9. The putter, an iron, has retained i ts name. In addition to the numbered irons are the utility clubs, including the sand wedge and the pitching wedge, used on medium-range shots to loft the ball high into the air and limit its roll to a short distance after landing. The clubs are variously used in achieving distance, height, or accurate placement of the ball; the angle at which the striking surface is set on the shaft of the club determines the trajectory of the ball. For making drives and distance shots on the fairway, the woods (No. 1, or driver; No. 2; No. 3; No. 4; and No. 5) and the so-called long irons (No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3) are used. For the initial drive of each hole, the ball is teed up-that is, placed on a small wooden, rubber, or plastic peg, known as a tee, which the players carry with them. This lifts the ball at least 0.5 in (1.3 cm) off the ground, allowing the head of the club to strike the ball with maximum force. For long, low shots on the fairway, the No. 2 wood is used, and for long, high shots the No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 woods are employed. Other approach shots to the green, generally of a shorter range, are played with irons. For even shorter approaches, known as chip shots, the same irons are used but with a shorter swi ng. The putter normally is used only on the green or the apron (a fringe of less smooth grass) of the green. Forms of Competition Two basic forms of competition exist in golf: match play and medal play (also known as stroke play). In match play the player (or, if more than one player, the team) taking the fewer number of strokes to sink the ball into any particular hole-called holing out-is the winner of the hole; the contest is won by the player or team winning the most holes. If each player or team takes the same number of strokes on any hole, the hole is said to be halved (tied). A final score of 9 and 8 in match play means that the winner was 9 holes ahead with only 8 left to play, sufficient to clinch victory in the match. When the match goes tied until the last hole, the winning score is 1 up. Antonym analogies EssayRules and Regulations The rules of play for golf are numerous and complex. They include a code of etiquette for behavior on the green. The game was originally played with a ball made of feathers tightly packed in a leather cover. About 1850 a ball made of gutta-percha came into use. Gutta-percha is a milky liquid, derived principally from Malaysian trees, that hardens after being boiled and cooled. About 1901 a ball with a rubber core enclosed in gutta-percha, similar to the ball in use today, was developed. The pitted surface of modern golf balls acts to stabilize flight. Golf balls must have a diameter of no less than 1.68 in (4.27 cm) and weigh not more than 1.62 oz (45.93 g). Governing Bodies The organizations that establish golf rules for the world are the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Association (USGA), founded in 1894 and located in Far Hills, New Jersey. Before 1913, golf in the United States was played chiefly by people of wealth. In 1913, however, after a former caddie from the United States named Francis Ouimet won a victory over two outstanding British professionals in the U.S. open championship tournament (open to amateurs and professionals), golf came to the attention of the American public in general. The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) was organized in 1916, and annual tournaments were started during the same year. The PGA is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Currently, there are more than 23,000 members of the PGA, most of whom assist amateur players as club or resort instructors; and each year several hundred professional players tour the country competing in major tourna ments. The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida, numbers more than 800 club instructors, along with several hundred tournament players. Major professional tours include the PGA (for men), the LPGA (for women), and the Seniors tour (for men over the age of 50). Tournaments Each year many golf tournaments take place. The most important professional tournaments for men are the Masters, the U.S. Open, the British Open, and the PGA Championship. Collectively these four events form the grand slam of golf. Until 1960 the grand slam was considered to be the U.S. Open, the British Open, the U.S. Amateur, and the British Amateur, but with the increasing importance of professional golf in the mid-20th century, the Masters and the PGA Championship gained preeminence over the two amateur tournaments. However, the U.S. and British amateurs remain important events for nonprofessionals. For women the four professional tournaments forming the grand slam are the LPGA Championship, the U.S. Womens Open, the du Maurier Classic, and the Dinah Shore. The most important amateur events for women are the U.S. Womens Amateur and the British Womens Amateur Championship. International matches are also played. The Walker Cup (for men) and the Curtis Cup (for women) are contests between amateur golfers from the United States and Great Britain. The Ryder Cup (for men) and the Solheim Cup (for women) are contests between professional golfers from the United States and the rest of the world. (Before 1979 the Ryder Cup was contested only between American and British teams.) World competition tournaments for men also include the Eisenhower Cup for amateurs, the World Cup for professionals, and the Shun Nomura Trophy and the Francis H. I. Brown International Team Match Trophy for seniors. World competition tournaments for women also include the Espirito Santo Trophy. The most famous feat in the history of golf was achieved by the American amateur player Bobby Jones, who in 1930 achieved the grand slam of golf at the time by winning the British Open, the British Amateur, the U.S. Open, and the U.S. Amateur. No other player has ever won the grand slam in golf. One of the greatest women players of all time was Babe Didrikson Zaharias, an American who competed both as an amateur and as a professional. Other outstanding golfers include American players Walter Hagen, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Ben Hogan, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Nancy Lopez, Kathy Whitworth, Tom Watson, JoAnne Carner, Pat Bradley, Lee Trevino, Patty Sheehan, Patty Berg, and Mickey Wright; British players Harry Vardon and Nick Faldo; Australian player Greg Norman; South African players Nick Price and Gary Player; and Spanish player Severiano Ballesteros. Other Forms of Golf Variations of golf, many of which can be played at night under lights, are developed from time to time: Miniature golf, a putting game on fancifully designed courses, became popular in the 1930s. Special putting greens and driving ranges combine practice and recreation. Pitch and putt is a shorter version of the standard game.